Cockroach : Cockroaches (or roaches are insects belonging to the order Blattodea (Blattaria)

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Cockroach

Cockroaches (or roaches are insects belonging to the order Blattodea (Blattaria). About 30

cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats. Some species are well-known

pests.

Modern cockroaches are an ancient group that first appeared during the Late Jurassic, with their

ancestors, known as "roachoids", likely originating during the Carboniferous period around 320

million years ago. Those early ancestors, however, lacked the internal ovipositors of modern

roaches. Cockroaches are somewhat generalized insects lacking special adaptations (such as the

sucking mouthparts of aphids and other true bugs); they have chewing mouthparts and are probably

among the most primitive of living Neopteran insects. They are common and hardy insects capable

of tolerating a wide range of climates, from Arctic cold to tropical heat. Tropical cockroaches are

often much larger than temperate species.

Modern cockroaches are not considered to be a monophyletic group, as it has been found based on

genetics that termites are deeply nested within the group, with some groups of cockroaches more

closely related to termites than they are to other cockroaches, thus rendering Blattaria paraphyletic.

Both cockroaches and termites are included into Blattodea.

Some species, such as the gregarious German cockroach, have an elaborate social structure

involving common shelter, social dependence, information transfer and kin recognition.

Cockroaches have appeared in human culture since classical antiquity. They are popularly depicted

as large, dirty pests, although the majority of species are small and inoffensive and live in a wide

range of habitats around the world

Taxonomy and evolution:

Cockroaches are members of the superorder

Dictyoptera, which includes the termites and

mantids,[4] a group of insects once thought to be

separate from cockroaches. Currently, 4,600

species and over 460 genera are described

worldwide. The name "cockroach" comes from

the Spanish word for cockroach, cucaracha,

transformed by 1620s English folk etymology into

"cock" and "roach". The scientific name derives

from the Latin blatta, "an insect that shuns the

light", which in classical Latin was applied not only

to cockroaches, but also to mantids.

Historically, the name Blattaria was used largely

interchangeably with the name Blattodea, but

whilst Blattaria was used to refer to 'true'

cockroaches exclusively, the Blattodea also

includes the termites. The current catalogue of

world cockroach species uses the name Blattodea

for the group. Another name, Blattoptera, is also

sometimes used to refer to extinct cockroach

relatives.

The earliest cockroach-like fossils ("blattopterans"

or "roachoids") are from the Carboniferous period

320 million years ago.Fossil roachoids

are considered the common ancestor of both

mantises and modern cockroaches, and are distinguished from the latter by the presence of a long

external ovipositor. As the body, hind wings and mouthparts are not preserved in fossils frequently,

the relationship of these roachoids and modern cockroaches remains disputed. The earliest

definitive fossils of modern crown group cockroaches, specifically Corydiidae, are known from the

Late Jurassic strata of Russia and the Kimmeridgian-aged Karabastau Formation of

Kazakhstan.[14][15]

The evolutionary relationships of the Blattodea (cockroaches and termites) shown in the cladogram

are based on Inward, Beccaloni and Eggleton (2007).[16] The cockroach families Anaplectidae,

Lamproblattidae, and Tryonicidae are not shown but are placed within the superfamily Blattoidea.

The cockroach families Corydiidae and Ectobiidae were previously known as the Polyphagidae and

Blattellidae.

Termites were previously regarded as a separate order Isoptera to cockroaches. However, recent

genetic evidence strongly suggests that they evolved directly from 'true' cockroaches, and many

authors now place them as an "epifamily" of Blattodea.[16] This evidence supported a hypothesis

suggested in 1934 that termites are closely related to the wood-eating cockroaches (genus

Cryptocercus). This hypothesis was originally based on similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in

termites regarded as living fossils and wood-eating cockroaches.[18] Additional evidence emerged

when F. A. McKittrick (1965) noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites

and cockroach nymphs.[19] The similarities among these cockroaches and termites have led some

scientists to reclassify termites as a single family, the Termitidae, within the order Blattodea.[16][20]

Other scientists have taken a more conservative approach, proposing to retain the termites as the

Termitoidae, an epifamily within the order. Such a measure preserves the classification of termites

at family level and below