PARASITOLOGY: Parasitology is the branch of biology that deals with parasites. Medical parasitology is the study of parasites that can cause disease in humans.

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Parasitogoly:

Parasitology is the branch of biology that deals with parasites. Medical parasitology is the study of parasites that can cause disease in humans. A “parasite” is a small organism that obtains its food and shelter from a larger organism for its life and growth. A larger organism that provides food and shelter to the parasite can be considered a "host" or host. 

Friends are of four types:

1. External parasite,

2. Internal parasite,

3. Harmless.

4. Harmful

2.1. Ecto Parasite:

Ectoparasite (um.) Lice are small organisms that attach to the outside of the host's body and feed on the blood or secretions of the host.

2.2 Endo Parasite:

Found inside the body of the host. The alimentary canal houses various organs of the body, and the interior of blood, tissues, or cells. (Um) Worms.

2.3. Harmless Parasites (Commensals):

From inside or outside a host's body

A parasite which does not cause any harm to it is called commensal.

2.4. Harmful parasites (Pathogen):

A parasite that can harm the host in any wayis called a pathogen. A parasite requires one or more hosts for life. They are

1. Definitive Host

 2. Inter Mediate Host

3. Supplementary Host.

2.4.1. Determined Host :

When a parasite requires two or more hosts for its life, the host in which the fully developed parasite is found or sexually mature is called a determinate host.

2.4.2. Intermediate Hospitality:

The host in which the juvenile stages of the parasite are found or where sexual reproduction takes place is called intermediate host.

2.4.3. Co-host:

Each parasite resides in the body of an infected host. That host is called the primary host. If this primary host is not found, the parasite lives in another host. They are called co-hosts.

3. Disadvantages to host due to parasite:

1. Some parasites feed on host tissues.

2. Secrete toxins.

3. Sometimes infecting parts of the host's body.

4. Actions against the parasite in the host's body:

They try to expel the parasite from their body.

 (1) Substances resistant to toxins secreted by the parasite

arise in his body.

(2) Sometimes tissues grow around the parasite and imprison it.

5. Development of Parasite:

The parasite reproduces in two ways:

1. Asexual (or) asexual reproduction: The parasite divides spontaneously into two or more numbers.

2. Sexual (or) mixed reproduction: In sexual reproduction, the parasite reproduces after the union of male and female cells.

6. Protozoa:

Parasites belonging to the class Protozoa are very small in size and can be seen with the help of a microscope. Their body is made up of one cell.

6.1. Characteristics of Protozoa:

 1. Body is unicellular.

2. A nucleus is found in the center of the body surrounded by cytoplasm.

3. Some have more than one nucleus.

4. Some protozoa are parasitic, some are solitary and some live in water.

6.2. Types of Protozoa:

Protozoa can be divided into four categories:

(1) Rhizopoda (Amoeba)

(2) Placellata - Mastogophora

(3) Sporozoa

(4) Ciliata

6.2.1. Rhizopoda (Amoeba):

These protozoa are jelly-like. They are called amoeba. A living amoeba does not have a specific shape. Its form changes frequently. Finger-like false legs (pseudopodia) help the amoeba move from one place to another and consume food. These pseudopodia are not persistent. These appear and disappear. In the center of the body is a nucleus and around it is cytoplasm. (Example) Sitabedi amoeba.

Example is Sabedi Amba.

6.2.2. Placellata - Mastogophora:

It has a specific shape with the help of flagellum

Moving (example) Cala azar parasite, Giardia.

6.2.3. Sporozoa:

These parasites multiply by forming cysts. (Example) Plasmodium

6.2.4. (ciliates):

The entire body is covered with hair-like cilia. These move with Celia's help. (U.M.) Palantidium coli.